城市交通信号控制研究综述

分析了我国城市交通信号控制研究的方法和现状。介绍了国内城市交通信号控制应用现状，并指出了我国城市交通信号控制的难点及其发展趋势。     

Economic analysis of ride-sourcing markets

Ride-sourcing refers to an emerging urban mobility service that private car owners drive their own vehicles to provide for-hire rides. This paper analyzes the ride-sourcing market using an aggregate model where the matchings between customers and drivers are captured by an exogenous matching function. It is found that without any regulatory intervention a monopoly ride-sourcing platform will maximize the joint profit with its drivers. On the other hand, the first-best solution is not sustainable when the matching function exhibits increasing returns to scale and the cost function of the platform is subject to economies of scale. Regardless of the examined market scenarios, the average waiting time of customers is proportional to the average searching time of drivers. We establish conditions for regulators to solely regulate the commission charged by the platform to guarantee the second-best. We further investigate the competition of ride-sourcing platforms and find that competition does not necessarily lower the price level or improve social welfare. In the latter case, regulators may rather encourage the merger of the platforms and regulate them directly as a monopolist.     

Understanding the impacts of mobile phone distraction on driving performance: A systematic review

The use of mobile phones while driving—one of the most common driver distractions—has been a significant research interest during the most recent decade. While there has been a considerable amount research and excellent reviews on how mobile phone distractions influence various aspects of driving performance, the mechanisms by which the interactions with mobile phone affect driver performance is relatively unexamined. As such, the aim of this study is to examine the mechanisms involved with mobile phone distractions such as conversing, texting, and reading and the driving task, and subsequent outcomes. A novel human-machine framework is proposed to isolate the components and various interactions associated with mobile phone distracted driving. The proposed framework specifies the impacts of mobile phone distraction as an inter-related system of outcomes such as speed selection, lane deviations and crashes; human-car controls such as steering control and brake pedal use and human-environment interactions such as visual scanning and navigation. Eleven literature-review/meta-analyses papers and 62 recent research articles from 2005 to 2015 are critically reviewed and synthesised following a systematic classification scheme derived from the human-machine system framework. The analysis shows that while many studies have attempted to measure system outcomes or driving performance, research on how drivers interactively manage in-vehicle secondary tasks and adapt their driving behaviour while distracted is scant. A systematic approach may bolster efforts to examine comprehensively the performance of distracted drivers and their impact over the transportation system by considering all system components and interactions of drivers with mobile phones and vehicles. The proposed human-machine framework not only contributes to the literature on mobile phone distraction and safety, but also assists in identifying the research needs and promising strategies for mitigating mobile phone-related safety issues. Technology based countermeasures that can provide real-time feedback or alerts to drivers based on eye/head movements in conjunction with vehicle dynamics should be an important research direction.     

The effect of the competition between cars and trucks on the evolution of the motorway transport system

Motorways, which were devised at the beginning of their history as dedicated roads intended to be traveled by cars only, are at present also traveled by considerable flows of trucks. This fact has deeply changed the motorway transport system with respect to its original conception, owing to the interactions between two categories of vehicles whose characteristics are very different. These interactions greatly increase the transport cost perceived by car drivers with respect to truck drivers. This paper studies the consequences of this cost asymmetry on the evolution of the transport system when the geometric characteristics of a motorway remain unchanged in time, while transport demand increases. By using a theoretical model of competition between cars and trucks, it is shown that, if both the geometric characteristics of a motorway and the increase rate of the activities that feed the transport demand remain unchanged over time, the competition between cars and trucks, as well as the fact that in general passengers have better transport alternatives than freight, make the increase rate of truck traffic greater than that of cars, causing a progressive increase in the proportion of trucks in the time periods in which a motorway is traveled by both the vehicle categories. Since truck traffic on motorways, at least in Europe, is very scarce on weekends and in holiday periods, in which motorways are traveled almost only by cars, these results seem to indicate a tendency to the specialization of motorways, which are likely to be used in the future mostly by only one category of vehicles in different periods of time.     

浅谈技能大赛促进汽车专业教学改革和人才培养成效的探究

2020年12月,一场旨在发挥职业技能竞赛在促进技能人才培养、推动职业技能培训和弘扬工匠精神重要作用的中华人民共和国第一届职业技能大赛在广州举行。这场比赛是自新中国成立以来,举办的规格最高、项目最多、规模最大的全国性、综合性职业技能赛事。再次把职教界一直关注的"以赛促教,以赛促学,赛教融合,互相促教"理念以及促进汽车专业教学改革和人才培养成效相关的话题提升到新的关注度。本文将作者亲身的参赛经历和学校教改成效,分享如何在技能大赛背景下促进汽车专业教学改革和人才培养成效的探究,希望能抛砖引玉为汽车职教的发展提供参考和启发。     

Airline network competition: Full-service airlines, low-cost airlines and long-haul markets

The paper discusses airline network competition. Low-cost airlines and conventional airlines have distinctly different strategies and network types. This determines their ability to compete with other airlines in specific markets. The paper discusses the lack of competition between conventional airlines in local markets, and sees why low-cost airlines are the primary source of competition in such markets. Conventional airlines are relatively strong on long-haul markets, using their networks to keep costs per seat relatively low. Charter airlines show that a long-haul low-cost strategy is feasible For scheduled low-cost airlines, this may be more difficult, but this does not automatically mean that low-cost airlines cannot enter thick long-haul markets.     

汽车驾驶人姿态监测系统研究综述（双语出版）

随着自动驾驶技术的发展，驾驶人将会参与更多的与驾驶无关的活动，从而呈现出新的姿态，这些新姿态是优化传统被动安全系统的重要切入点。而且在未来相当长的时间内，自动驾驶车辆的行驶依然依赖于人和系统的密切配合。对驾驶人姿态的观察，则可以为判断驾驶人是否有能力及时接管车辆提供帮助，从而确保安全、合理的人机交互过程。通过对大量相关文献的系统性梳理，综述了汽车驾驶人姿态监测技术的智能化发展趋势，从传感器种类以及相应的姿态监测算法出发，分析了目前不同监测系统的优缺点。研究发现，尽管传感器技术和姿态识别算法取得了明显进步，然而廉价稳定且能够在实际驾驶条件下对驾驶人姿态准确感知的监测系统依然缺乏。总体而言，目前的监测系统大多只是集中于对驾驶人局部身体部位的感知，缺乏实际驾驶条件下的性能分析，并且对驾驶人状态的实时感知和预测能力仍有待完善。最后，针对目前监测系统所面临的问题，对未来可能的研究方向进行展望，并提出主动式立体视觉系统和压力传感器阵列相融合的驾驶人姿态监测方式。研究成果将为驾驶人姿态监测系统的研究提供参考和借鉴，从而有助于道路交通安全水平的进一步提升，同时也可为人机交互界面的设计带来启发。     

Ecophysiological growth characteristics and modeling of the onset of the spring bloom in the Baltic Sea

The onset of spring bloom in temperate areas is a transition period where the low productive, winter phytoplankton community is transformed into a high productive spring community. Downwelling irradiance, mixing depth and the ability of the phytoplankton community to utilize the light, are key parameters determining the timing of the onset of the spring bloom. Knowing these parameters would thus provide tools for modeling the spring bloom and enhance our knowledge of ecophysiological processes during this period.Our main objective with this study was to provide data for the growth characteristics of some key species forming the spring bloom in the Gulf of Finland, and to apply those results in a simple dynamic model for the onset of the spring bloom, in order to test if the timing of the spring bloom predicted by the models corresponds to field observations. We investigated the photosynthetic characteristics of three diatoms and two dinoflagellates (Chaetoceros wighamii, Melosira arctica, Thalassiosira baltica, Scrippsiella hangoei and Woloszynskia halophila), at low temperatures (4–5 °C). All of these species are common during spring bloom in the Baltic Sea.Cultures of these species were acclimated to different irradiance regimes prior to measurements of photosynthesis, respiration, pigment concentration and light absorption. We did not find a positive relationship between respiration and growth rate, and we hypothesize that this relationship, which is well established at higher temperatures, is negligible or absent at low temperatures (< 10 °C). Photosynthetic maximum (P_m), and maximum light utilization coefficient (α) was lowest and respiration (R) highest in the dinoflagellates.We made a model of the onset of the spring bloom in the western part of Gulf of Finland, using the obtained data together with monitoring data of mixing depth and water transparency from this area. Model results were compared to field observations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration. There was a good agreement between the model predictions and the observed onset of the spring bloom for the diatoms. S. hangoei, however, was not able to reach positive production in the model, and W. halophila had the similar growth characteristics as S. hangoei. Consequently, these species must have other competition strategies enabling them to exist and grow during spring bloom.     

关于码头超能力靠泊问题的分析

文中通过对我国沿海港口建设和生产发展状况进行分析，指出了产生码头超能力靠泊的原因，并深入讨论了码头超能力靠泊的危害，最后，从提高码头生产效率、遵守限定条件靠泊核准的新船型等方面提出了解决码头超能力靠泊的方法。     

以道路运输比较优势促进运输竞合的策略研究

文章以道路运输业面临的挑战和机遇为背景,分析了当前道路运输的现状与存在的问题,阐述了道路运输业所具有的比较优势,并提出了利用道路运输比较优势实现运输竞合的策略。